Various Mobile Operating Systems....

Various Mobile Operating Systems:-

                                          There are So many types of Operating Systems available in Mobile Markets. Some are Expensive, Some are Free, Some are Chargeable, and some are Costly. In This Post we take a look and get knowledge of these operating Systems.

1. Android:-

Android (AN-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008.

Android is open source and Google releases the code under the Apache License. This open-source code and permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming language. In October 2012, there were approximately 1,000,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play, Android's primary app store, was 50 billion as of Sep 2013. A developer survey conducted in April–May 2013 found that Android is the most popular platform for developers, used by 71% of the mobile developer population.

Symbian

Symbian was a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture. Symbian was originally developed by Symbian Ltd. as a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. The current form of Symbian is an open-source platform developed by Symbian Foundation in 2009, as the successor of the original Symbian OS. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, like Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and above all by Nokia. It was the most popular smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010, when it was overtaken by Android. Symbian rose to fame from its use with the S60 platform built by Nokia, first released in 2002 and powering most Nokia smartphones. UIQ, another Symbian platform, ran in parallel, but these two platforms were not compatible with each other. Symbian was officially released in 4 2010 as the successor of S60 and UIQ, first used in the Nokia N8, to use a single platform for the OS. In May 2011 an update, Symbian Anna, was officially announced, followed by Nokia Belle (previously Symbian Belle) in August 2011.

Windows OS

Windows Mobile is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs. Windows Mobile is the predecessor of Windows Phone. In February 2010, Microsoft announced Windows Phone to supersede Windows Mobile. As a result, Windows Mobile has been deprecated. Windows Phone is incompatible with Windows Mobile devices and software. The last version of Windows Mobile, released after the announcement of Windows Phone, was 6.5.5. Most versions of Windows Mobile have a set of standard features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT, with support for many of the same file types. Much like its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications to perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media. Microsoft Office Mobile, the mobile versions of Microsoft Office, is the default office suite.

BlackBerry

BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Ltd for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by BlackBerry Ltd. for use in its handhelds, particularly the trackwheel, trackball, and most recently, the trackpad and touchscreen. The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email, through MIDP 1.0 and, more recently, a subset of MIDP 2.0, which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, or Novell GroupWise email, calendar, tasks, notes, and contacts, when used with BlackBerry Enterprise Server. The operating system also supports WAP 1.2. Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry over the air software loading (OTASL) service. Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API classes, although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed. 

iOS

iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007), iPad (January 2010), iPad Mini (November 2012) and second-generation Apple TV (September 2010). Unlike Microsoft's Windows Phone and Google's Android, Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware. As of August 2013, Apple's App Store contained more than 900,000 iOS applications, 375,000 of which were optimised for iPad. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 50 billion times. It had a 21% share of the smartphone mobile operating system units shipped in the fourth quarter of 2012, behind only Google's Android. In June 2012, it accounted for 65% of mobile web data consumption (including use on both the iPod Touch and the iPad). At the half of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.[10] According to the special media event held by Apple on September 12, 2012, 400 million devices had been sold by June 2012. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode.

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Linux - Install on Windows 7 Virtual Machine using VirtualBox

Microsoft Virtual PC is my choice to run Windows virtual machines. However, installing Linux on Virtual PC is not something I would recommend. Main reason is the lack of integration elements; Virtual PC integration components are designed to run well on XP, Vista and 7 virtual machines. For Linux, Virtual PC does not (at least at this moment) offer any integration components.

VirtualBox integration components are called Guest Additions. They install and run well also in any Linux distro. That's why I recommended creating Linux virtual machines in VirtualBox.

I am using Ubuntu 10.10 to make this tutorial. At the moment it is the most Windows like Linux distro available, a safe bet for a beginner to start experimenting Linux.

For more advanced Linux users I recommend using Novell SUSE 11.3 which is a commercial Linux distribution, free to test, or its free counterpart OpenSUSE 11.3. The setup procedure in VirtualBox is exactly the same.


Microsoft Virtual PC, Oracle VirtualBox and VMware Player are at the moment the best free virtualization applications. All have their pros and cons, I'm not going to put them in any order here. Let's just say I'm using Microsoft Virtual PC for all my XP and Vista virtual machines, and VirtualBox for older Windows and Linux machines.

You can download these virtualization applications here:
Microsoft: Virtual PC
Oracle: VirtualBox
VMware: WMware Player


Part 1: Create a new virtual machine for Ubuntu

•     Launch VirtualBox
•     Click New
•     This opens New Virtual Machine Wizard. Click Next:
•     Give your new virtual machine a name, choose the right OS and version. These are automatically selected if VirtualBox can determine it from the name you gave. Click Next:
•     Set the amount of RAM you want to assign to Ubuntu. For running a Linux vm (virtual machine), 512 MB is enough. You can assign as much as you want to, maximum being about 512 MB less of your host computer's RAM. Keep in mind though that RAM used by a running vm is away from the RAM Windows can use; assigning more RAM can make your vm run faster and better but at the same time make your Windows crawl so slowly even the vm halts. My recommendation is always leave at least 2 GB for Windows, or if you have under 4 GB of RAM only give maximum of 1 GB to a vm. Click Next:
•     .VirtualBox asks now if you want to create a new vhd (virtual hard disk), or use existing vhd. Choose Create new and click Next:
•     New Virtual Disk Wizard starts. Click Next: .
•     Click Next to accept Dynamically expanding storage:
•     Dynamically expanding vhd means that although the guest consideres the HD being the size given (max value), host Windows only uses as much space on HD as is actually needed; a 20 GB dynamic vhd where only 4 GB is used is seen by Windows host as a 4 GB vhd file, not as a 20 GB file, but the guest OS sees the same vhd file as a 20 GB hard disk with 16 GB free. I recommend 8 to 12 GB for Ubuntu.
•     You can now accept the default location where VirtualBox offers to save the vhd, or change the location by clicking the small folder symbol. Default save folders are Your_Username\.VirtualBox (Virtual Box 3.2 and older) or Your_Username\VirtualBox VMs (from version 4 Beta). You can also change the original size of vhd here. Click Next:
•     Click Finish to end New Virtual Disk Wizard:
•     Click Finish to end New Virtual Machine Wizard:
•     Now choose the virtual machine you just created and click Settings:
•     Choose Storage from the left pane, CD/DVD from under the title IDE controller, and click the small CD symbol on the right:
•     Now you need to tell VirtualBox which install media you want to use. You can assign any of the host system's CD/DVD drives to vm , or an ISO image to act as a CD/DVD drive. For now, you want to use the Ubuntu ISO you downloaded earlier. Browse to its location, choose it and click Open:
•     Now choose Display from the left pane, assign the maximum 128 MB video RAM to virtual machine's emulated video card:
•     Next you need to setup network controller. Click Network on the left pane, choose Enable Network Adapter, choose Bridged Adapter, and choose your host computer's network adapter from drop down list:
•     Click OK to save edited settings:

 Part 2: Install Ubuntu on a virtual machine

•     Choose Ubuntu vm, click Start:
•     When vm starts, it shows you the first screen of Ubuntu setup. Choose the language you want from over 60 languages, or wait 30 seconds for English to be selected:
•     Ubuntu starts now in so called Live Mode. Double click Install Ubuntu icon:
•     Once again, choose your installation language:
•     Choose Download updates while installing. You might also want to install Fluendo MP3 plugin offered for better audio features. Click Forward:
•     Choose Erase and use the entire disk. Notice please, we are now talking about the virtual hard disk we created earlier, not the actual hd on your host computer. In other words, this does not mean your HD with Windows on it will be erased Click Forward:
•     Click Install Now:
•     Choose your time zone:
•     Choose your preferred keyboard layout. To avoid confusion, I recommend choosing the same you are using on your host computer's Windows. Click Forward:
•     Tell Ubuntu your name, choose the computer name and set up a password. Click Forward:
•     Installation starts, you have now some 20+ minutes for a coffee break, or you can watch a presentation about Ubuntu by clicking those arrow symbols on left and right:
•     When installation is finished, you have to unmount (deattach) Ubuntu ISO image before reboot. Before clicking Restart Now, Open Devices menu from vm window, click CD/DVD devices, choose Unmount CD/DVD Device.
•     Click Restart Now:
•       When Ubuntu has booted, click your username to open a password prompt. Type your password, click Log In:
•     To fully integrate Ubuntu vm to your Windows 7 desktop, to allow networking and for instance cross platform copy & paste, you need to install VirtualBox Guest Additions. Click Devices menu, choose Install Guest Additions:
•     If the CD/DVD icon appears on the desktop, right click it and choose Open With Autorun Prompt:
•     If the CD/DVD icon does not appear on desktop (happens sometimes), open Ubuntu's Places menu, and choose VBOXADDITIONS. Choose then Open Autorun Prompt from VBOXADDITIONS window:
•     Choose Run to start Guest Additions setup:
•     You must now enter the administrative password. It is the same you chose for your account, so enter it now:
•     When Guest Additions are set up, you must press Return (Enter) to close the window:
•     Restart Ubuntu:
•     After reboot, you are ready to go

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Operating System Subject's IMP Questions..

Operating System Subject's Some Important Questions..

• Why is MBR registers required?
• Why are interrupts needed? List the limitation of Sequential interrupt processing.
• Briefly compare all in board memory.
• Define Virtual memory. Briefly explain all levels of system structure.
• Define DMA. Briefly explain steps involve in Simple Interrupt Processing.
• Explain the key elements of an Operating System for Multiprogramming with figure.
•  List the objective of time sharing system and multiprogramming system.
• Briefly explain Block/Suspend->Block, Ready->Ready/Suspend states of process.
• List two events/reasons lead to the termination and suspension of a process?
• Why are two modes (user and kernel) needed?
• What is the difference between a mode switch and a process switch?
• For what types of entities does the OS maintain tables of information for management purposes?
• Explain the difference between a monolithic kernel and a microkernel.
• Briefly explain SMP with figure. List two advantages and disadvantages of ULTs over KLTs.
• What is I/O Management? Write a short note on UNIX SVR4 Process Management.
• Define Thread. What resources are typically shared by all of the threads of a process?
• Define Process. What do you mean by pure user-level thread? What are the two separate the potentially independent characteristics embodied in the concept of process?
• When and how the short-term, medium-term and long-term scheduling policies are applied? Draw the queuing diagram for scheduling.
• Explain the resident set management policies for virtual memory. Explain how it affects the degree of multiprogramming.
• Define virtual memory. Compare LRU, FIFO and Clock page replacement policies with suitable example.
• What is paging? Explain the logical to physical address translation mechanism with example.
• What is Monitor? Explain the solution to the Bounded-Buffer
• Producer/Consumer Problem using a Monitor.
• What is Translation Lookaside Buffer? Explain the Paging with the use of TLB.
• What role the main memory cache plays with the Virtual Memory Management using TLB?
• Discuss the use of Invert Page Table in paging technique. How physical address is generated in it?
• What is deadlock? State necessary conditions for deadlock to occur. Explain
• banker’s algorithm for deadlock avoidance.
• Define the term. Dispatcher.
• What is Process Spawning.
• List out three general categories of PCB information.
• List out which process states works in virtual memory and which one in primary memory.
• Write down the full form of PSW, JCL.
• Differentiate between mode switching and process switching.
• Define main categories of processor registers and list out the registers in each category.
• What is interrupt handler routine?
• What is hit ratio?
• Explain the issues and resolution for Cash Design.
• Explain time sharing system with basic example.
• Write short note on Process Control Structures.
• Explain process state transition with one and two suspended states.
• Compare the Resident set management.
• Briefly explain the Address translation in a paging system.

Courtasy:-
AITS and MEFGI MidTerm Papers.

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